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Essential Fish Habitat
Fundamental Fish Habitat (EFH) was defined by the U. S. Congress in the 1996 changes to the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Resource efficiency and Management Act, or Magnuson-Stevens Act, as "those waters and substrate required to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding or growth to maturity. "|1| Utilizing regulations clarified that oceans include all aquatic areas and their physical, chemical, and biological properties; substrate incorporates the associated biological areas that make these areas suited to fish habitats, and the explanation and identification of EFH should include habitats used whenever you want during the species' life circuit.|2| EFH incorporates all types of aquatic habitat, just like wetlands, coral reefs, yellow sand, seagrasses, and rivers.|3|
NOAA Fisheries works with the regional fishery management local authorities to designate EFH using the best available scientific facts. EFH has been described for more than a 1, 000 managed varieties to date.|4| The primary purpose of EFH regulations should be to minimize the adverse effects of fishing and non reef fishing impacts on EFH for the maximum extent practicable.
In 1996, the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Take action was amended to establish a fresh requirements to identify and express EFH to protect, conserve and enhance EFH for the main advantage of the fisheries.|5| The Magnuson-Stevens Act has jurisdiction over the management and conservation of marine fish species. Federal agencies must consult with NOAA Fisheries when ever their actions or actions may adversely affect home identified by federal regional fishery management councils or NOAA Fisheries as EFH.|6| On 12 , 19, 1997, interim final rules were published inside the Federal Register (Vol. sixty two, No . 244) which designate procedures for implementation in the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.|7| These rules were amended by simply publication of final rules about January 17, 2002 (Vol. 67, No . 12).|8| he rules, in two subparts, address requirements for fishery management approach (FMP) amendment, and depth the coordination, consultation, and recommendation requirements of the Magnuson-Stevens Act.
Impacts from certain fishing practices and coastal and marine development and may alter, harm, or destroy habitats essential for fish. NOAA Fisheries, the regional fishery management councils (FMCs), and other federal companies work together to minimize these risks.|13| Congress has established councils to classify unfavorable influences on fishes in relation to types of fishing gear, coastal developments and non-point and point source pollution, and, evaluating how well every fishery is managed. The FMCs, with assistance from NOAA Fisheries, has delineated EFH for federally managed kinds. As new FMPs are developed, EFH for newly managed species will also be defined.|14| FMPs must describe and identify EFH for the fishery, minimize to the extent practicable the adverse effects of fishing on EFH, and identify different actions to encourage the conservation and enhancement of EFH.
Through consultations, NOAA Fisheries can recommend ways federal agencies may avoid or minimize the adverse effects of their actions on the habitat of federally supervised commercial and recreational fisheries.|16| Federal actions agencies which fund, grant, or carry out activities which may adversely affect EFH are required to consult with NOAA Fisheries.|17| The federal action agency must provide NOAA Fisheries with an evaluation of all actions or suggested actions authorized, funded, or undertaken by the agency which may adversely affect EFH.|18| Then NOAA Fisheries will provide the federal actions agency with EFH Preservation recommendations.|19| These types of Conservation Recommendations provide information on how to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or offset those adverse effects.|20| Federal action agencies must provide a written explanation to NOAA Fisheries if some of these recommendations have not been implemented.|21| NOAA Fisheries must also include measures to reduce the adverse effects of sportfishing gear and fishing activities on EFH as well.|22| In addition , NOAA The fishing industry and the FMCs may discuss and make recommendations to any state agency on their actions which may affect EFH.|23|
Most consultations are done in the NMFS regional offices: Better Atlantic Regional Fisheries Business office (GARFO), Southeast Regional Business office (SERO), West Coast Territorial Office (WCRO), Alaska Regional Office (AKRO), and Pacific Islands Regional Office (PIRO). National consultations spanning multiple regions can be done at NOAA Fisheries Headquarters.
State organizations and private landowners are not instructed to consult with NMFS. EFH consultations are required if the federal government provides authorized, funded, or undertaken part or all of a proposed activity, and if the action will adversely influence EFH.|24| Adversely affecting EFH includes immediate or indirect physical, substance or biological alterations in the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to species and their habitat, and other environment components, or reduction with the quality and/or quantity of EFH.
Environment areas of particular concern or perhaps HAPCs are considered high main concern areas for conservation, supervision, and research.|26| HAPCs are subsets of EFH that merit work because they meet in least one of the following 5 criteria:
provide important environmental function;
are sensitive to environmental degradation;
include a environment type that is/will come to be stressed by development;
will include a habitat type that is exceptional.|27|
Current HAPCs involve important habitats like estuaries, canopy kelp, corals, seagrass, and rocky reefs, among other areas of interest. HAPCs will be afforded the same regulatory safeguard as EFH and do not rule out activities from occurring inside the area, such as fishing, diving, swimming or surfing.
Essential Fish Habitat is selected for all federally managed seafood under the MSA whereas Critical Habitat is designated pertaining to the survival and restoration of species listed seeing that threatened or endangered underneath the Endangered Species Act (ESA).|29| Critical demeure include areas occupied by threatened or endangered variety that include physical and natural features that are essential to the conservation of the species.|30| Critical Habitat can be designated as critical at the moment a species is listed underneath the ESA.|31| EFH and Critical Habitat are different in terms of designation and rules, but they may overlap for several species such as salmon.|32|
Environment characteristics include sediment type, type of bottoms (sand, silt and clay), structures root the water surface, and marine community structures. These g?te are essential for fish and ecosystem health. The fundamental home structure begins with residue. Erosion is stabilized by submerged aquatic vegetation. You will discover two main types of bottoms, hard and gentle.|33| A study by simply Christensen at el. (2004) looked at three bottom environment types (vegetated marsh advantage, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shallow non-vegetated bottom) in terms of juvenile brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus aztecus). The results from the study showed that brown prawn selected vegetated areas in salinities 15-25 ppt and would select vegetated areas over marsh edges whenever they co-occurred. Finding the areas that had the highest abundance helped to identify EFH of teenage brown shrimp.|34|
Hard bottom also known as coral reefs or live bottom delivers hard complex vertical structure for attachment of sponges, seaweed, and coral, which in turn support a diverse reef fish community.|35| This kind of community can comprise invertebra, coral, hard coral, bryozoans, ploychaete worms, tunicates, many different fin-fishes, alga, and a dry sponge. Areas of compacted or sheered mud and sediment can also be a form of hard bottom.|36|
Soft bottom consists of unconsolidated sediment and unvegetated areas. In some regions soft underside are not protected even though they are often primary nursery areas, anadromous fish spawning areas, and anadromous nursery areas. Attributes that affect soft lower side in relation to organisms that make use of them include sediment hemp size, salinity, dissolved oxygen and flow.
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